Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tabriz University

2 Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tabriz University

3 Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tabriz University

Abstract

Procrastination means postponing the works or tendency to do it in the last moments. Procrastination causes high degree of anxiety and depression in student and also negative emotions. One of the efficacious components on procrastination is the lack of emotional regulation and disability of emotional self- regulation. Emotional regulation styles insist on concealing, adjusting and tolerating. This research was conducted to study the relationship between the procrastination behaviors of high school male students and emotional styles. The sample consisted of 252 students, which were selected through cluster random sampling method from schools of Rasht. The instrumentals used in the study were Procrastination questionnaire, and emotional styles. Data were analyzed by multiple regression (stepwise) method. The results showed that adjusting (Beta= 0.33) and tolerating are (Beta= 0.14) important predictor of procrastinations (p= 0.001). In addition, it was found that 11% of the variance of procrastination was accounted by linear combination of adjusting and tolerating decision making style. 

Keywords

الیس، آلبرت و نال، جیمز. (1382). روان­شناسی تعلل­ورزی: غلبه بر تعلل­ورزیدن. ترجمه محمد­علی فرجاد. تهران: انتشارات رشد.
بدری گرگری، رحیم و حسینی اصل، فریبا. (1389). بررسی رابطه باورهای انگیزشی و راهبردهای یادگیری خودتنظیمی با تعلل­ورزی دانشجویان دانشگاه تبریز. تازه­ها و پژوهش­های مشاوره، 36، 125- 111.
توکلی، محمدعلی. (1392). بررسی شیوع اهمال­کاری تحصیلی در بین دانشجویان و ارتباط آن با ویژگی­های جمعیت­شناختی، ترجیح زمان مطالعه و هدف از ورود به دانشگاه. فصلنامه روان­شناسی تربیتی، سال نهم،  شماره 28، 99- 119.
تمدنی، مجتبی. (1389). اهمال­کاری در دانشجویان. روان­شناسی تحولی: روان­شناسان ایرانی، سال ششم، شماره 24، 337- 344.
حسنی، جعفر؛ آزاد فلاح، پرویز؛ رسول­زاده طباطبائی، سید کاظم و عشایری، حسن. (1388). تأثیر ارزیابی مجدد و فرو نشانی تجارب هیجانی منفی بر ناقرینگی EEG پیشانی مغز بر اساس ابعاد نورزگرائی و برون­گردی. فصلنامه روان­شناسی دانشگاه تبریز، 13؛ 4، 37- 71.
زارع، حسین و اعراب شیبانی، خدیجه. (1390). بررسی پایائی و روائی پرسشنامه سبک­های تصمیم­گیری در دانشجویان ایرانی. پژوهش­های روان­شناختی، 14 (2)، 112-125.
هرگنهان، بی. آر و السون، میتو. اچ. (1392). مقدمه­ای بر نظریه­های یادگیری. ترجمه علی اکبر سیف. نشر دوران
Baumeister, R. F. Heatherton, T. F. & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego: Academic Press.
Balkis, M. Duru, E. (2009). Prevalence of Academic Procrastination Behavior Among preservice Teachers, and its Relationship with Demographics and individual preference. Journal of Theory and practice in Education, 5 (1), 18 – 32.
Bezci, F. Sungur, S. (2013). Academic Procrastination and Gender as Predictors of Science Achievement. Journal of educational and instructional studies in the world, 3 (2), 64-68.
Bradley, S. J. (2000). Affect regulation and the development of psychopathology. New York, NY: Guilford Publication.
Calkins, SD. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 59 (2-3), 53-72.
Chow. H. P. (2012). Procrastination among Undergraduate Students: Effects of Emotional Intelligence, School Life, Self-Evaluation, and Self-Efficacy, Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 57(2), 234-240.
Davidson, R. J. (1998). Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from sffective neuroscience. Cognition & Emotion, 12 (3), 307-30.
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self- Determination of Behavior". Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 11, No. 4, 227- 286.
De Paola, M. & Scoppa, V. (2014). Procrastination, Academic Success and the Effectiveness of a Remedial Program. IZA Discussion Paper, 8021, 1-24.
Ellis, A. & Knaus, W.J. (1979). Overcoming procrastination or how to think and act rationally in spite of life, inevitable hassles. New York: Institute for Rational Living.
Ferrari, J. R. (1994). Dysfunctional procrastination and its relationship with self-esteem, interpersonal dependency, and self-defeating behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 673–679.
Hofmann SG. & Kashdan, T. B. (2010). The affective style questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 32(2), 255-63.
Howell, A. J. & Watson, D. C. (2007). Procrastination: Association with goal orientation and learning strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 167-178.
Johnson, J. L. & Bloom, A. M. (1995). An analysis of the contribution of the five factors of personality to variance in academic procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 127– 133.
Kuhnle, C. Hofer, M. & Kilian, B. (2012). The Relationship of Self-control Procrastination, Motivational Interference and Regret with School Grades and Life Balance. Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung Heft, 1, 31-34.
Krause, K. & Freund, A. M. (2014). Delay or procrastination – A comparison of self- report and behavioral measures of procrastination and their impact on affective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences. 63, 75- 80.
Lay, C. H. (1992). Trait procrastination and the perception of person-task characteristics. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 483-494.
Lay, C. H., & Silverman, S. (1996). Trait procrastination, anxiety, and dilatory behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 61-67.
Lewis, M. D. Granic, I. & Lamm, C. (2006). Behavioral differences in aggressive children linked with neural mechanisms of emotion regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci; 1094: 164-77.
Lyons, M. & Rice, H. (2014). Thieves of time? Procrastination and the Dark Triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences. In press.
McCown, B. Blake, I. K. & Keiser, R. (2012). Content analyses of the beliefs of academic procrastinators. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. Doi: 10.1007/s10942- 012-0148-6.
Milgram, N. & Toubiana, Y. (1999). Academic anxiety, academic procrastination, and parental involvement in students and their parents. British Journal of Educat- ion psychology, 69, 345 – 361.
Özer, B. U. Demir, A. & Ferrari, J. R. (2009). Exploring academic procrastination among Turkish students: Possible gender differences in prevalence and reasons. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149 (2), 241–257.
Prohaska, V. Morrill, P. Atiles, I. & Perez, A. (2000). Academic procrastination by nontraditional students. Journal of social Behavior and Personality, 15,125 –134.
Pychyl, T. A. & Flett, G. L. (2013). Procrastination and Self-Regulatory Failure: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Cognitive-Behav Ther, 30, 203–212.
Rabin, L. & Fogel, J. & Nutter, k. (2011). Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self – reported executive functions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Neuropsychology, Development. 33(3), 344-357.
Ridder, D. & Wit, J. (2006). Self-regulation in health behavior: Concepts, Theories and central issues. In: Ridder D, Wit J editors. Self-regulation in health behavior. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Rothbart, M. K. & Ahadi, S. A. & Hershey, K. (1994). Temperament and Social Behavior in Childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40(1), 21-39.
Rosario, P. Costa, M. Núñez, J.C. González-Pienda, J. Solano, P. & Valle, A. (2009). Academic procrastination: associations with personal, school and family variables. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 118-127.
Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of self- determination theory. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3- 33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Saddler, C. D. & Sacks, L. A. (1993). Multidimensional perfectionism and academic Procrastination: relationship with depression in university students. Psychological reports, 73, 863– 871.
Schouwenburg, H. C. & Lay, C. H. (1995). Trait procrastination and the big five factors of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 481– 490.
Schunk, D. H. & Zimmerman, B. J. (1994). Self-regulation of learning and performance: Issues and educational applications Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Simpson, W. & Pychyl, T. (2009). In search of the arousal procrastinator: Investigating the relation between procrastination, arousal-based personality traits and beliefs about procrastination motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 906-911.
Schouwenburg, H. C. & Groenewoud, J. T. (2001). Study motivation under social temptation: effects of trait procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 229–240.
Solomon, L. J. & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: frequency and cognitive behavioral correlates, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503–509.
Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A metaanalytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 1, 65-81.
Vallerand, R. J. (2000). Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory: A view from the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 11,312-317.
Vohs, K. D. & Baumeister, R. F. (2004). Understanding self-regulation: an introduction. In R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 1–12). New York: Guildford Press.
Wäschle, K. & Allgaier, A. Lachner, A. Fink, S. & Nückles, M. (2014). Procrastination and self-efficacy: Tracing vicious and virtuous circles in self-regulated learning. Learning and Instruction. 29,103-114.
Webb, T. Gallo, I. S. Miles, E. Gollwitzer, P. M. & Sheeran, P. (2012). Effective regulation of affect: An action control perspective on emotion regulation. European Association of Social Psychology, 23, 143–186
Wolters, C. A. (2003). Understanding procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective.  Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 179-187.