Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD student in Psychology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
Abstract
The present qualitative research was conducted with the aim of explaining the perception and attitude towards procrastination and its factors (contextual, continuous and revealing) in students. This study was conducted using the grounded theory method. First, the prevalence of procrastination was analyzed among the students of the Persian Gulf University in the academic year 2023-2024, and students whose grades were two standard deviations higher than the average were identified as procrastinators. Then, using a semi-structured interview, necessary information was collected from 22 procrastinating students. The findings in the perception and attitude of procrastination show two main categories (negative and positive) and seven primary concepts (delay in performing tasks, personality traits, burnout, negative emotion, self-blame, temporary positive attitude, having confrontational thoughts). they gave Procrastination factors from three main categories (contextual, sustaining and revealing factors) and twelve primary concepts (personality characteristics, family, parenting style, low self-esteem, virtual space, burnout, lifestyle, corona era, educational background, communication with others, adolescence and career field) were formed. The stable personality, family and motivational patterns of the central class shaped the current findings. These findings have important practical implications in understanding the personality, family, and motivational profiles of procrastinators.
Keywords
- Procrastination
- perception and attitude of procrastination
- factors of procrastination
- students
- qualitative research
Main Subjects
استراوس، آنسلم و کوربین، جولیت. (1387). اصول روش تحقیق کیفی نظریه مبنایی، رویهها و شیوهها، (ترجمه بیوک محمدی). تهران: پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و اجتماعی (تاریخ انتشار به زبان اصلی: 1990).
توکلی، محمدعلی. (1392). بررسی شیوع اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی در بین دانشجویان و ارتباط آن با ویژگی‌های جمعیت شناختی، ترجیح شناختی، ترجیح زمان مطالعه، و هدف از ورود به دانشگاه. فصلنامه روانشناسی تربیتی، 9(28)، 121-100.
سواری، کریم؛ بشلیده، کیومرث و شهنی ییلاقی، منیجه. (1388). ارتباط مدیریت زمان و خود اثربخشی ادراک‌شده با اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی. فصلنامه روانشناسی تربیتی، 5(14)، 100-114.
قره‌آغاجی، سعید؛ واحدی، شهرام؛ فتحی آذر، اسکندر و ادیب، یوسف. (1398). تبیین اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان متوسطه: یک مطالعه نظریه زمینه‌ای. پژوهش در برنامه‌ریزی درسی، 33(60)، 193-173. https://doi.org/10.30486/jsre.2019.54626
مصطفوی؛ فریده. (1389). بررسی نقش جهت‌گیری هدف پیشرفت (تسلط طلبی، اجتناب از کار، عملکرد گزینی، عملکرد گریزی)، ادراکات خودکارآمدی در خودتنظیمی و ویژگی‌های شخصیتی (نوروتیسم و مسئولیت‌پذیری( در تعلل ورزی تحصیلی دانشجویان دانشگاه تبریز. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه تبریز.
Ackerman, D. S., & Gross, B. L. (2005). My instructor made me do it: Task characteristics of procrastination. Journal of Marketing Education, 27, 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0273475304273842
Ahmad, S. I., Malik, S., & Jumani, N. B. (2018). Academic procrastination: An exploration for the cause at university level. International Journal of Innovation in Teaching and Learning (IJITL), 4(1). https://doi.org/10.35993/ijitl.v4i1.309
Ashraf, M. A., Sahar, N. E., Kamran, M., & Alam, J. (2023). Impact of self-efficacy and perfectionism on academic procrastination among university students in Pakistan. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7), 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070537
Balkis, M., & Duru, E. (2009). Prevalence of academic procrastination behavior among pre-service teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory & Practice in Education (JTPE), 5(1).
Balkis, M., & Duru, E. (2017). Gender differences in the relationship between academic procrastination, satisfaction with academic life and academic performance. European Journal of Education Studies. http://dx.doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.41.16042
Barabanshchikova, V. V., Boyarinov, D. M., Sultanova, F. R., Ognyannikova, E. I., Barabanshchikova, V. V., Boyarinov, D. M., ... & Ognyannikova, E. I. (2019). Academic procrastination in students at different ages. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 43. https://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.07.42
Baulke, L., Daumiller, M., & Dresel, M. (2021). How conscientiousness and neuroticism affect academic procrastination. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie. https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000225
Bekleyen, N. (2017). Understanding the academic procrastination attitude of language learners in Turkish universities. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(3), 108–115.
Bhat, S. A., & Jan, K. (2023). Examining academic procrastination among college students in relation to academic satisfaction: A correlational study. RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 8(7), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n07.003
Cho, M., & Lee, Y. S. (2022). The effects of medical students’ self-oriented perfectionism on academic procrastination: The mediating effect of fear of failure. Korean Journal of Medical Education, 34(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2022.224
Çıkrıkçı, Ö., & Erzen, E. (2020). Academic procrastination, school attachment, and life satisfaction: A mediation model. *Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38*, 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00336-5
Danne, V., Gers, B., & Altgassen, M. (2023). Is the association of procrastination and age mediated by fear of failure? *Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 41*(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-023-00527-w
Doty, D. H., Wooldridge, B. R., Astakhova, M., Fagan, M. H., Marinina, M. G., Caldas, M. P., & Tunçalp, D. (2020). Passion as an excuse to procrastinate: A cross-cultural examination of the relationships between obsessive internet passion and procrastination. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.014
Ellis, A., & Knaus, W. J. (2000). Overcoming procrastination. New American Library.
Felker, Z., & Chen, Z. (2023). Reducing procrastination on introductory physics online homework for college students using a planning prompt intervention. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 19(1), 010123. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.010123
Fernández Da Lama, R. G., & Brenlla, M. E. (2023). Past-positive time perspective predicts academic achievement via motivation, and procrastination might not be as bad as it seems. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 15(2), 392–410. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-11-2021-0413
Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination as self-regulation failure of performance: Effects of cognitive load, self-awareness and time limits on working best under pressure. Personality and Individual Differences, 15(3), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.413
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 444–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
Garaaghaji, S., Vahedi, S., Fathi Azar, E., & Adib, Y. (2019). Explaining procrastination among high school students: A grounded theory study. Research in Curriculum Planning, 16(60), 173-193. [In Persian]
Goroshit, M., Hen, M., & Ferrari, J. R. (2020). Life-domain regret regarding procrastination (LDR-P): Scale validation in the United States and Israel. Current Psychology, 39(3), 900–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9801-2
Gündüz, G. F. (2020). The relationship between academic procrastination behaviors of secondary school students, learning styles and parenting behaviors. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7(1), 253–266.
Hinsch, C., & Sheldon, K. M. (2013). The impact of frequent social internet consumption: Increased procrastination and lower life satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 12(6), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1453
Hooda, M., & Devi, R. (2017). Procrastination: A serious problem prevalent among adolescents. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7(9), 107–113.
Ke, T., & Barlas, J. (2020). Thinking about feeling: Using trait emotional intelligence in understanding the associations between early maladaptive schemas and coping styles. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 93(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1453
Kınık, Ö., & Odacı, H. (2020). Effects of dysfunctional attitudes and depression on academic procrastination: Does self-esteem have a mediating role? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 48(5), 638–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2020.1780564
Ko, C. Y. A., & Chang, Y. (2019). Investigating the relationships among resilience, social anxiety, and procrastination in a sample of college students. Psychological Reports, 122(1), 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118755111
Kuftyak, E. (2022). Procrastination, stress and academic performance in students. Arpha Proceedings, 5, 965–974. https://doi.org/10.3897/ap.5.e0965
Kühnel, J., Bledow, R., & Kuonath, A. (2023). Overcoming procrastination: Time pressure and positive affect as compensatory routes to action. Journal of Business and Psychology, 38(4), 803–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-022-09817-z
Kuhnle, C., Hofer, M., & Kilian, B. (2011). The relationship of self-control, procrastination, motivational interference and regret with school grades and life balance. *Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung/Discourse. Journal of Childhood and Adolescence Research, 6*(1), 9–10.
Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology: IJEP, 8(1), 1–26.
Lao, H., Lao, K. G., Lao, K. A., Santos, M. D., & Alieto, E. (2023). Due Monday, do Monday: A qualitative study of academic procrastination among undergraduate students during the pandemic. In *19th International Conference of the Asia Association of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (AsiaCALL 2022)* (pp. 197–221). Atlantis Press.
Levenson, C., Shensa, A., Sidani, J., & Primack, B. (2016). The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults. Preventive Medicine, 88, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.001
Ma, X., Li, Z., & Lu, F. (2023). The influence of stressful life events on procrastination among college students: Multiple mediating roles of stress beliefs and core self-evaluations. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1104057. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1104057
Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2008). Academic buoyancy: Towards an understanding of students' everyday academic resilience. Journal of School Psychology, 46(1), 53–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.01.002
Mostafawi., F. (2010). Investigating the role of progress goal orientation (dominance, work avoidance, selective performance, avoidance performance), self-efficacy perceptions in self-regulation and personality traits (neuroticism and responsibility) in the academic procrastination of Tabriz University students. Master's Thesis. School of Educational Sciences and Psychology Tabriz University. [In Persian]
Oflazian, J. S., & Borders, A. (2023). Does rumination mediate the unique effects of shame and guilt on procrastination? *Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 41*(1), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-022-00466-y
Pala, A., Akyildiz, M., & Bagci, C. (2011). Academic procrastination behavior of pre-service teachers of Celal Bayar University. *Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29*, 1418–1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.381
Parmaksız, İ. (2023). The effect of phubbing, a behavioral problem, on academic procrastination: The mediating and moderating role of academic self-efficacy. Psychology in the Schools, 60(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22765
Pasandi, L. (2010). The effect of life skills training on self-esteem, self-efficacy and anxiety among first grade high school students in Isfahan [Master's thesis]. Khorasgan University, Faculty of Education and Psychology.
Purnomo, A. W. A., Wibowo, A. E., Kurniawan, K., & Setyorini, S. (2020). The relationship between smartphone addiction, academic burnout and academic procrastination among university students during online learning. Psikopedagogia Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 9(2), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.12928/psikopedagogia.v9i2.17966
Sagone, E., & Indiana, M. L. (2021). Are decision-making styles, locus of control, and average grades in exams correlated with procrastination in university students? Education Sciences, 11(6), 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11060300
Saplavska, J., & Jerkunkova, A. (2018). Academic procrastination and anxiety among students. In 17th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development (pp. 23–25).
Serdar, E., Harmandar Demirel, D., & Demirel, M. (2021). The relationship between academic procrastination, academic motivation and perfectionism: A study on teacher candidates. *Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 20*(4), 140–149.
Sewari, K., Beshlideh, K., & Shahni Yilaghi, M. (2009). The relationship between time management and perceived self-efficacy with academic procrastination. Educational Psychology Quarterly, 5(14), 100-114. [In Persian]
Smirnov, D. A., & Sologub, G. B. (2020). Automatic recommendation of video for online school lesson using neuro-linguistic programming. Modelling and Data Analysis, 10(2), 102–109. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5657-4826
Solomon, L. J., Rothblum, E. D., & Murakami, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(4), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.33.4.387
Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016). Academic procrastination: Psychological antecedents revisited. Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12173
Stoeber, J., Lalova, A. V., & Lumley, E. J. (2020). Perfectionism, (self-) compassion, and subjective well-being: A mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109708
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2008). The principles of qualitative research method, grounded theory, procedures and methods, (translated by Bayuk Mohammadi). Tehran: Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (date of publication in the original language: 1990). [In Persian]
Tawakoli, M. A. (2013). Investigating the prevalence of academic procrastination among students and its relationship with demographic characteristics, cognitive preference, study time preference, and the purpose of entering university. Educational Psychology Quarterly, 9(28), 100-121. [In Persian]
Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000). Giving in to feel good: The place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-control. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1103_03
Tuckman, B. W. (2001). The development and concurrent validity of the Procrastination Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(2), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164491512022
Wang, Q., Xin, Z., Zhang, H., Du, J., & Wang, M. (2022). The effect of the supervisor–student relationship on academic procrastination: The chain-mediating role of academic self-efficacy and learning adaptation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052621
Wong, W. H., & Chapman, E. (2024). Students’ non-cognitive profiles and their relationships with academic stress and persistence in higher education. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 26(1), 216–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/15210251211069322
Yang, X., Liu, R. D., Ding, Y., Hong, W., & Jiang, S. (2021). The relations between academic procrastination and self-esteem in adolescents: A longitudinal study. Current Psychology, 40(12), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02075-x
Yosopov, L., Saklofske, D. H., Smith, M. M., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2024). Failure sensitivity in perfectionism and procrastination: Fear of failure and overgeneralization of failure as mediators of traits and cognitions. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 42(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829241249784
Zacks, S., & Hen, M. (2018). Academic interventions for academic procrastination: A review of the literature. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198154
Zhang, Y., Shi, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Relationship between focus-solving thinking and academic procrastination in junior middle school students: A moderated mediating effect. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Internet Technology and Educational Informatization (ITEI 2022) (pp. 1–10). https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.23-12-2022.2329140
Zhao, Y., Meng, D., Ma, X., Guo, J., Zhu, L., Fu, Y., & Mu, L. (2024). Examining the relationship between bedtime procrastination and personality traits in Chinese college students: The mediating role of self-regulation skills. Journal of American College Health, 72(2), 432–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2038179
)