نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران
2 استاد گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران
3 استادیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران
4 دانشیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران
چکیده
در دهۀ اخیر با توجه به سهم مؤثر طرد همسالان در مشکلات روان‌شناختی کودکان که گاهی به آینده نیز تعمیم پیدا می‌کرد، این سازه در ادبیات پژوهشی به شکلی بسیار جدی‌تر پا به عرصۀ وجود گذاشته است. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر تدوین مدل ساختاری طرد همسالان بر پایۀ یک طرح پژوهشی آمیخته (کمّی - کیفی) بود. در قسمت کیفی با تکیه‌بر نظرات متخصصین تعلیم و تربیت و آموزگاران پایۀ ششم و نیز پیشینۀ پژوهشی مدل ساختاری عوامل مؤثر بر طرد همسالان با تکیه‌بر روش مثلث سازی طراحی گردید. بدین‌صورت که در آن متغیرهای مکنون ضعف‌های خانوادگی، ضعف در درک دیگران و ضعف در زبان و تعامل به‌صورت غیرمستقیم و سازه‌های مشکلات روان‌شناختی، ضعف‌های تحصیلی و عدم جذابیت ظاهری به‌صورت مستقیم بر طرد همسالان تأثیر می‌گذاشتند. در قسمت کمّی، جامعۀ مدنظر شامل کلیۀ دانش‌آموزان دبستانی شهر کرمانشاه در سال 97- 1396 بود که تعداد 311 نفر از ایشان به‌عنوان نمونه و به‌صورت خوشه‌ای تصادفی انتخاب شدند و به ابزاری محقق ساخته پاسخ دادند. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از رویکرد حداقل مربعات جزئی استفاده شد. بعد از تأیید روایی و پایائی مدل مفهومی، نتایج برازش مدل نشان‌دهندۀ تأیید آن بود. درمجموع می‌توان گفت که نتایج پژوهش حاضر می‌تواند الهام‌بخش اولیا، آموزگاران و سیاست‌گذاران آموزشی باشد و آن‌ها را در فرایند پیگیری و یا درمان کمک شایانی بنماید.
کلیدواژه‌ها
امانی‌ساری بگلو، جواد، لواسانی، مسعود، اژه‌ای، جواد، و خضری آذر، هیمن. (1389). رابطه ارزش‌های فرهنگی و متغیرهای فردی با میزان استفاده از رایانه در دانشجویان، مجله علوم رفتاری، 1(5)، 10-1
بازرگان، عباس. (1396). مقدمه‌ای بر روش‌های تحقیق کیفی و آمیخته. تهران: آگاه.
حافظ‌نیا، محمدرضا. (1389). مقدمه‌ای بر روش تحقیق در علوم انسانی. تهران: سمت.
Aukrust, V., Edwards, C. P., Kumru, A., Knoche, L., & Kim, M. (2003). Young children’s close relationships outside the family: Parental ethnotheories in four communities in Norway, United States, Turkey, and Korea. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27(6), 481-494.
Bagwell, C. L., Newcomb, A. F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1998). Preadolescent friendship and peer rejection as predictors of adult adjustment. Child development, 69(1), 140-153.
Beeri, A., & Lev‐Wiesel, R. (2012). Social rejection by peers: A risk factor for psychological distress. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17(4), 216-221.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238.
Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Poulin, F. R. A. N. Ç. O. I. S. (2005). Peer relationships and the development of aggressive behavior in early childhood. Developmental origins of aggression, 376-397.
Burks, V. S., Dodge, K. A., & Price, J. M. (1995). Models of internalizing outcomes of early rejection. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 683-695.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
Coie, J. D. (1990). Toward a theory of peer rejection. In S. A. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 365–401). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., & Coppotelli, H. (1982). Dimensions and types of social status: A cross-age perspective. Developmental psychology, 18(4), 557.
Coie, J. D., Lochman, J. E., Terry, R., & Hyman, C. (1992). Predicting early adolescent disorder from childhood aggression and peer rejection. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 60(5), 783.
Coie, J., Terry, R., Lenox, K., Lochman, J., & Hyman, C. (1995). Childhood peer rejection and aggression as predictors of stable patterns of adolescent disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 697-713.
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School psychology quarterly, 25(2), 65.
Deater-Deckard, K. (2001). Annotation: Recent research examining the role of peer relationships in the development of psychopathology. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(5), 565-579.
Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. Handbook of child psychology.
Ðurišic, M. M., & Gajic, J. (2016). Social Functioning of Students with Internalizing Behavioral Problems. Research in Pedagogy, 6(2), 32-42.
Evans, S. C. (2016). Peer Rejection and Academic Performance in the Link between Aggression and Depressive Symptoms: A Longitudinal Examination of Alternative Developmental Pathways (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas).
Fabes, R. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1992). Young children's coping with interpersonal anger. Child development, 63(1), 116-128.
Fergusson, D. M., Woodward, L. J., & Horwood, L. J. (1999). Childhood peer relationship problems and young people's involvement with deviant peers in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(5), 357-369.
Fite, P. J., Wimsatt, A. R., Vitulano, M. L., Rathert, J. L., & Schwartz, S. (2012). Examination of peer rejection and depressive symptoms as mediators of the link between rule-breaking behavior and poor academic performance. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(2), 164-171.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G. W. (2003). Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis–stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child development, 74(1), 257-278.
Gray, W. N., Kahhan, N. A., & Janicke, D. M. (2009). Peer victimization and pediatric obesity: A review of the literature. Psychology in the Schools, 46(8), 720-727.
Haggerty, R. J., & Mrazek, P. J. (Eds.). (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. National Academies Press.
Halberstadt, A. G., Denham, S. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2001). Affective social competence. Social development, 10(1), 79-119.
Janssens, A., Van Den Noortgate, W., Goossens, L., Verschueren, K., Colpin, H., Claes, S., ...& Van Leeuwen, K. (2017). Adolescent externalizing behaviour, psychological control, and peer rejection: Transactional links and dopaminergic moderation. British journal of developmental psychology, 35(3), 420-438.
Jewell, J. D., Jordan, S. S., Hupp, S. D., & Everett, G. E. (2010). Etiology and relationships to developmental disabilities and psychopathology. In Social behavior and skills in children (pp. 39-59). Springer, New York, NY.
Jewell, J. D., Jordan, S. S., Hupp, S. D., & Everett, G. E. (2010). Etiology and relationships to developmental disabilities and psychopathology. In Social behavior and skills in children (pp. 39-59). Springer, New York, NY.
Johnson, D. W. (1980). Group processes: Influences of student-student interaction on school outcomes (pp. 123-168). Academic Press.
Keiley, M. K., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2000). A cross-domain growth analysis: Externalizing and internalizing behaviors during 8 years of childhood. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 28(2), 161-179.
Kupersmidt, J. B., & Coie, J. D. (1990). Preadolescent peer status, aggression, and school adjustment as predictors of externalizing problems in adolescence. Child development, 61(5), 1350-1362.
Kupersmidt, J. B., Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1990). 10 The role of poor peer relationships in the development of disorder. Peer rejection in childhood, 274.
Laird, R. D., Jordan, K. Y., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2001). Peer rejection in childhood, involvement with antisocial peers in early adolescence, and the development of externalizing behavior problems. Development and psychopathology, 13(2), 337-354.
Laws, G., Bates, G., Feuerstein, M., Mason-Apps, E., & White, C. (2012). Peer acceptance of children with language and communication impairments in a mainstream primary school: Associations with type of language difficulty, problem behaviours and a change in placement organization. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 28(1), 73-86.
Lev-Wiesel, R., Sarid, M., & Sternberg, R. (2013). Measuring social peer rejection during childhood: Development and validation. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(5), 482-492.
Lewin, L. M., Davis, B., & Hops, H. (1999). Childhood social predictors of adolescent antisocial behavior: Gender differences in predictive accuracy and efficacy. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(4), 277-292.
Lopez, C., & DuBois, D. L. (2005). Peer victimization and rejection: Investigation of an integrative model of effects on emotional, behavioral, and academic adjustment in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 25-36.
Maszk, P., Eisenberg, N., & Guthrie, I. K. (1999). Relations of children's social status to their emotionality and regulation: A short-term longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982-), 468-492.
Metin Aslan, Ö. (2018). Peer Rejection and Internalizing Behavior: The Mediating Role of Peer Victimization in Preschool. The Journal of genetic psychology, 179(4), 198-206.
Mrug, S., Molina, B. S., Hoza, B., Gerdes, A. C., Hinshaw, S. P., Hechtman, L., & Arnold, L. E. (2012). Peer rejection and friendships in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Contributions to long-term outcomes. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 40(6), 1013-1026.
Parkhurst, J. T., & Asher, S. R. (1992). Peer rejection in middle school: Subgroup differences in behavior, loneliness, and interpersonal concerns. Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 231.
Pedersen, S., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., & Borge, A. I. (2007). The timing of Middle‐Childhood peer rejection and friendship: Linking early behavior to Early‐Adolescent adjustment. Child development, 78(4), 1037-1051.
Posey, C., Roberts, T., Lowry, P. B., & Bennett, B. (2014). Multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) models as a mixed-modelling technique: A tutorial and an annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 36(11).
Prinstein, M. J., & Cillessen, A. H. (2003). Forms and functions of adolescent peer aggression associated with high levels of peer status. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982-), 310-342.
Reijntjes, A., Stegge, H., Terwogt, M. M., Kamphuis, J. H., & Telch, M. J. (2006). Children’s coping with in vivo peer rejection: An experimental investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(6), 873-885.
Rose‐Krasnor, L. (1997). The nature of social competence: A theoretical review. Social development, 6(1), 111-135.
Shin, K. M., Cho, S. M., Shin, Y. M., & Park, K. S. (2016). Effects of Early Childhood Peer Relationships on Adolescent Mental Health: A 6-to 8-Year Follow-Up Study in South Korea. Psychiatry investigation, 13(4), 383.
Shin, K. M., Cho, S. M., Shin, Y. M., & Park, K. S. (2016). Effects of Early Childhood Peer Relationships on Adolescent Mental Health: A 6-to 8-Year Follow-Up Study in South Korea. Psychiatry investigation, 13(4), 383.
Sijtsema, J. J., & Lindenberg, S. M. (2018). Peer influence in the development of adolescent antisocial behavior: Advances from dynamic social network studies. Developmental Review.
Spence, S. H. (1987). The relationship between social—cognitive skills and peer sociometric status. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5(4), 347-356.
Srite, M. (1999). The influence of national culture on the acceptance and use of information technologies: An empirical study. AMCIS 1999 Proceedings, 355.
Véronneau, M. H., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Dishion, T. J., & Tremblay, R. E. (2010). Transactional analysis of the reciprocal links between peer experiences and academic achievement from middle childhood to early adolescence. Developmental psychology, 46(4), 773.
Vinzi, V. E., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (2010). Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 1-22). ISBN.
Waasdorp, T. E., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2012). The impact of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on bullying and peer rejection: A randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 166(2), 149-156.
Werts, C. E., Linn, R. L., & Jöreskog, K. G. (1974). Intraclass reliability estimates: Testing structural assumptions. Educational and Psychological measurement, 34(1), 25-33.
Wheeler, V. A., & Ladd, G. W. (1982). Assessment of children's self-efficacy for social interactions with peers. Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 795.
)