Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Psychology department, Garmsar Azad University

2 psychology department, psychology department, Bushehr Azad university.

3 Behavioral sciences Research Center, Life style institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Comparison of brain activity in 2D and 3D educational images (15 images) for high school students with low and high level of spatial intelligence is the main goal of this study. Educational image contents were about heart functioning. From the manipulability perspective, this study belongs to the semi-experimental category. Image dimensions and spatial intelligence are experimental and non-experimental variables respectively. The target population in this study is 2017-2018 high school students in Bardaskan. 50 students with high level of spatial intelligence and 50 students of low level were selected (25 men and 25 women in each group) by cluster sampling method. Their brain activities while watching images were recorded by EEG. Recorded data after noise and artefacts removing (neat data) was analyzed by two way- ANOVA. there wasn’t a significant difference in brain activity between students with low and high level of spatial intelligence ( P value>0.05). there wasn’t a significant difference between brain activity in 2D and 3D and for image dimension and spatial intelligence interaction too ( P value>0.05) but spatial activity is dependent to participants sex (male and female) and there is a significant difference in sex and image dimension interaction ( P value<0.05)

Keywords

Main Subjects

Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), Recent Advances in Learning and Motivation (8th ed., pp. 47–90). New York: Academic Press.
Barone, D. A. C., Maron, G., & Ramos, E. de A. (2012). Measuring the differences between Spatial Intelligence in different individuals using Lyapunov Exponents. In 7th International Conference on Mass Data Analysis of Images and signals. Retrieved from http://www.mda-signals.de/BestPaper/ MDA2012_35. pdf
Başar, E. (1999). Brain Function and Oscillations: Integrative brain function. Neurophysiology and cognitive processes. Springer.
Doppelmayr, M., Klimesch, W., Stadler, W., Pöllhuber, D., & Heine, C. (2002). EEG alphapower and intelligence. Intelligence, 30(3), 289–302. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S0160289601001015
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind. The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: BasicBooks.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the Twenty-first Century (p. 292). New York: Basic Books. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=nOHsjJZB0J8C&printsec =frontcover&dq=In tellige nce+Refra med.+Multiple+intelligences+for+the+21s t+century&hl=en&sa =X&ei=QUjaUY3WNYHJygHgiYGIDw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=“spatialintelligence”&f=false
Garg, A., Norman, G. R., Spero, L., & Maheshwari, P. (1999). Do virtual computer model hinder anatomy learning? Academic Medicine, 74(10), 87–89. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/ academicmedicine/Abstract/1999/10000/Do_virtual_computer_models_hinder_anatomy.49.aspx104
Gerě, I., & Jaušcvec, N. (2001). Differences in EEG Power and Coherence Measures Related to the Type of Presentation: Text versus Multimedia. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 25(2), 177–195. Retrieved from   http://baywood.metap ress.com/media/p3d6f5hcbp6jyh910gur/contributions/y/d/w/y/ ydwyu3fj4ly4lynd. pdf
Gevins, A., & Schaffer, R. E. (1980). A critical review of electroencephalographic EEG correlates of higher cortical function. CRC Critical Reviews in Bioengineering, 4, 113–164.
Gregoriou, G. G., Gotts, S. J., Zhou, H., & Desimone, R. (2009). High-Frequency, LongRange Coupling Between Prefrontal and Visual Cortex During Attention. Science, 324(5930), 1207–1210. Retrieved from http://psych.stanford.edu/~ jlm/pdfs/GregouriouGottsZhouDesimone_Coupling.pdf
Haier, R. J., Siegel, B., Tang, C., Abel, L., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (1992). Intelligence and changes in regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate following learning. Intelligence, 16(3–4), 415–426. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016028969290018M 105
Höffler, T. N. (2010). Spatial Ability: Its Influence on Learning with Visualizations—a Meta-Analytic Review. Educational psychology review, 22, 245–269. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com /content/m75728122768j6x4/fulltext.pdf
Huk, T. (2006). Who benefits from learning with 3D models? the case of spatial ability.Journal of computer assisted learning, 22, 392–404. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00 180.x/pdf
Joseph, J. H., & Dwyer, F. M. (1984). The effects of prior knowledge, presentation mode, and visual realism on student achievement. The Journal of Experimental Education, 52(2), 110–121. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20151533 106
 Klimesch, W. (1999). EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis. Brain Research Reviews, 29, 169–195.  Retrieved from http://www.physics3110 .org/images/Foley_Article.pdf
Kozhevnikov, M., Motes, M. A., & Hegarty, M. (2007). Spatial visualization in physics problem solving. Cognitive Science, 31(4), 549–79. Retrieved from http://o nlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1080/15326900701399897/full
Krasny, K. A., Sadoski, M., & Paivio, A. (2007). Unwarranted Return: A Response to McVee, Dunsmore, and Gavelek’s (2005) Schema Theory Revisited’'. Review of 107 Education Research, 77(2), 239–244. Retrieved from http://rer.sagepub.com/cont ent/77/2/239.full.pdf
Lei, S., & Roetting, M. (2011). Influence of Task Combination on EEG Spectrum Modulation for Driver Workload Estimation. Human Factors, 53(2), 168–179. Retrieved from http://intl-hfs.sagepub.com/ content/53/2/168.full#ref-36
Liu, T., Shi, J., Zhao, D., & Yang, J. (2008). The relationship between EEG band power, cognitive processing and intelligence and in school-age children. Psychology Science Quarterly, 50(2), 259–268. Retrieved from http://www.psychologieak tuell.com/fileadmin/download/PschologyScience/2-2008/11_
Liu.pdf
Lopes da Silva, F. H. ., Vos, J. E. ., Mooibreck, J. ., & Van Rotterdam, A. . (1980). Relative contributions of intracortical and thalamocortical processes in the generation of alpha rhythms, revealed by partial coherence analysis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 50, 449–456. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0013469480900115#
Markham, J. A., & Greenough, W. T. (2004). Experience-driven brain plasticity: beyond the synapse. Neuron Glia Biology, 1(4), 351–363. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go v/pmc/articles/PMC1550735/
Mayer, R. E., Heiser, J., & Lonn, S. (2001). Cognitive constraints on multimedia learning: When presenting more material results in less understanding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 187–198. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.93.1.187
Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2002). Animation as an Aid to Multimedia Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 14(1), 87–100. Retrieved from http://sciencevi ew.berkeley.edu/research/agents/ 02.Mayer. Moreno.EPR.pdf
Miller, G. A. (1956). The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information. The Psychological Review, 63, 81–97. Retrieved from  http://www.musanim .com/miller1956/
Neubauer, A. C., & Freudenthaler, H. H. (1995). Intelligence and spatiotemporalpatterns of event-related desynchronization (ERD). Intelligence, 20(3), 249–266. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect .com/science/article /pii/0160289695900101
Orion, N., Ben-Chaim, D., & Kali, Y. (1997). Relationship between earth-science education and spatial visualization. Journal of Geoscience Education, 45, 129–132. Retrieved from http://stwww.weizman n.ac.il/menu/publications/ea rth/a6_whole .pdf
Paivio, A. (1986a). Dual coding theory. Psychology, (1991), 8–9.
Paivio, A. (1986b). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 110
Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45, 255–287.
Parasuraman, R., & Rizzo, M. (2006). Neuroergonomics: The Brain at Work, Volume 195177614. (R. Parasuraman & M. Rizzo, Eds.). Oxford University Press.
Park, G., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2010). Recognizing Spatial Intelligence. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com /article .cfm?id=recognizing-spatial-intel
Schmid, R. G., Tirsch, W. S., & Scherb, H. (2002). Correlation between spectral EEG parameters and intelligence test variables in school-age children. Clinical Neurophysiology, 113(10), 1647–1656. Retrieved from  http://www.clin phjournal.com/article/S1388-2457(02)00212-2/abstract
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84(1), 1–66. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/rev/84/1/1.pdf
Smith, M. E., Gevins, A., Brown, H., Karnik, A., & Du, R. (2001). Monitoring task load with multivariate EEG measures during complex forms of human-computer interaction. Human Factors, 43, 366–380. Retrieved from http://hfs.sag epub.com/content/43/3/366.full.pdf
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12, 257–285. Retrieved from http://dcom.arch.gatech.edu/old /Coa6763/Readings/sweller-88a.pdf
Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology review, 10(3), 251–296. Retrieved from  https://files.nyu.edu/jpd2 47/public/2251/readings/sw eller_cog_arch.pdf
Taubert, M., Draganski, B., Anwander, A., Müller, K., Horstmann, A., Villringer, A., & Ragert, P. (2010). Dynamic Properties of Human Brain Structure: Learning-Related Changes in Cortical Areas and Associated Fiber Connections. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(35), 11670–11677. Retrieved from http://www.jneuro sci.org/cont ent/3 0/35/11670.full.pdf#page=1&view=FitH
Trindade, J., Fiolhais, C., & Almeida, L. (2002). Science learning in virtual environments: a descriptive study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(4), 471–488. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467- 8535.00283/abstract
Vandenberg, S. G., & Kuse, A. R. (1978). Mental rotations, a group test of threedimensional spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47(2), 599–604. Retrieved from http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1978.47.2.599